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Chinese Pidgin English (also called Chinese Coastal English〔Ansaldo, Umberto, Stephen Matthews, and Geoff Smith. "China Coast Pidgin: texts and contexts." ''Journal of Pidgin and Creole languages'' 25.1 (2010): 63-94.〕 or Pigeon English,〔(東方日報 亂世達觀：白鴿英語現代篇 )〕 ) is a pidgin language lexically based on English, but influenced by a Chinese substratum. From the 17th to the 19th centuries, there was also Chinese Pidgin English spoken in Cantonese-speaking portions of China. Chinese Pidgin English is heavily influenced by a number of varieties of Chinese with variants arising among different provinces (for example in Shanghai and Ningbo). A separate Chinese Pidgin English has sprung up in more recent decades in places such as Nauru. ==History== English first arrived in China in the 1630s, when English traders arrived in South China. Chinese Pidgin English was spoken first in the areas of Macao and Guangzhou (Canton), later spreading north to Shanghai by the 1830s.〔Yamuna Kachru and Cecil L. Nelson, ''World Englishes in Asian Contexts''. Hong Kong University Press, 2006〕 "Yangjing Bang English" in Chinese (洋涇浜, or 洋泾浜) derives from the name of a former creek in Shanghai near the Bund where local workers communicated with English-speaking foreigners in pidgin (broken English); (Yangjing Bang has since been filled in and is now the eastern part of Yan'an Road, the main east-west artery of central Shanghai). Historically, it was a modified form of English developed in the 17th century for use as a trade language or lingua franca between the English and the Chinese. Chinese Pidgin started in Guangzhou, China, after the English established their first trading port there in 1664. Pidgin English was developed by the English and adapted by the Chinese for business purposes. The term "pidgin" itself is believed by some etymologists to be a corruption of the pronunciation of the English word "business" by the Chinese. Chinese Pidgin continued in use until about the end of the 19th century, when Pidgin came to be looked upon by the Chinese as humiliating (because English speakers considered it ridiculous) and so preferred to learn standard English instead. Chinese Pidgin English began to decline in the late 19th century as standard English began to be taught in the country's education system.〔McArthur, Tom. (2002). ''Oxford Guide to World English''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-866248-3 hardback, ISBN 0-19-860771-7 paperback.〕 English language teaching has been widespread throughout modern Chinese history- it was made the country's main foreign language in 1982.〔Kam, A. (2002). English in education in China: policy changes and learners’. experiences. World Englishes, 21(2), 245-256〕 Chinese Pidgin English spread to regions beyond the Chinese Coast. Many attestations of the language being spoken come from writings of Western travelers in China. Among these are scattered reports of the pidgin being spoken farther inland, such as in Chungking (Chongqing) and Hankow (Hankou), and farther north, in Kyong Song and even Vladivostok.〔Baker, Philip, and Peter Mühlhäusler. "From business to pidgin." ''Journal of Asian Pacific Communication'' 1.1 (1990): 111〕 CPE was also taken beyond China: the large numbers of CPE speakers in Nauru influenced the shaping of Nauruan Pidgin English 〔Kim, Ronald I. "California Chinese Pidgin English and its historical connections: Preliminary remarks." ''Journal of Pidgin and Creole languages'' 23.2 (2008):〕 and there is evidence that it was also taken to Australia, where it altered due to the influence of Australian English and other pidgins. 〔Siegel, Jeff. “Chinese Pidgin English in Southeastern Australia: The notebook of Jong Ah Siug” ''Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages'', 24.2, (2009):〕 It is also reported to have been spoken in Singapore and Java. 〔Baker and Mühlhäusler 1990: 111)〕 Kim (2008) says that there is debate among linguists, including Baker, Mühlhäusler, and himself, about whether or not CPE was taken to California by 19th century immigrants. Many features present in California Chinese Pidgin English overlap with features of CPE, but also overlap with many other pidgins. Furthermore, some diagnostic features of CPE are missing or different from California Chinese Pidgin English. On the other hand, because many migrants came from the Canton province in China, where CPE was relatively well-known, it is likely that many migrants to the United States from China had knowledge of the pidgin. At the very least, it is clear that California Chinese Pidgin English should be treated as a distinct variety from CPE as spoken in Coastal China, because it has morphological and syntactic features not found in CPE. 〔Kim 2008: 329-339〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chinese Pidgin English」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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